The American Dream The Dream, Liberty, And The Pursuit...

The American dream has been changing over the years. However, the reason it’s been changing may be more that the change of the times. At its core, the American dream is all about attitude. With the right outlook, it can be whatever it is desired to be. Not only Americans can have the dream, but everyone can obtain this beautiful concept of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Joy Luck Club spends an enormous amount of time comparing the differences of the American dream with the mothers and their daughters. While the mothers are more focused on tradition, fate and superstition, their daughters are prone to worry more of what they can’t control and how their mothers’ are old-fashioned. As the story progresses, the†¦show more content†¦That’s why everyone can have the American dream, not just Americans. According to the AEI article, â€Å"Our review also suggests that people always say the challenges for the next generation will be greater than the ones they have faced.† Without the proper attitude, society will never be able to surpass the future challenges that the world throws at us. Winston Churchill once said: â€Å"Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.† Truer words have never been spoken. As the American dream changes, people change with it. Their attitude on America is what makes it what it is today. The difficulties that threaten the American dream can only be combated by the good, hard-willed nature of the attitude of the people. There will always be challenges in the way, challenges that make the future seem bleak and hopeless. However, the one thing that can ensure the people a better life, one full of pride and prosperity, is the positive outlook of life. One that stays hopeful and optimistic even when all other hope is lost. With that ability, the future of the American dream is surely in safe hands. Word Count: 555 The Changes of the American Dream The Joy Luck Club, even in its first pages, shows just how much the American dream has revolutionized over the years. It starts off strong, already comparing the America that a previous generation envisioned for their children and compares it to how their daughters liveShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream, Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness915 Words   |  4 Pages The American Dream, â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness,† is a reason why my parents migrated from Yemen to United States of America in the late 70’s and early 80’s. My father was a hard working citizen, who spent little time at home and iced his back and feet when he did; he endured strenuous work before retiring from the railroad. My mother had the difficult duty to raise a boy basketball team and two daughters. My parents have always taught us, that if you want something, you workRead MoreMartin Luther King s I Have A Dream Speech891 Words   |  4 PagesSince Kindergarte n, teachers have been teaching students about Martin Luther King Junior’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. Ever since children have been born, they have celebrated Independence Day by either going to a parade, or shooting fireworks. Although, at these young ages, children don’t quite know the real importance of each of them. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted every human being, regardless of their race to be treated fairly or just. Independence Day was the day on July 4, 1776 where fifty-sixRead MoreThe American Dream742 Words   |  3 Pages30 May 2017 The American Dream: The American Dream is interpreted differently amongst Americans. Some people have the dream of owning a million dollar home or car and others have dreams of becoming famous. Although there is no definite definition of what the American Dream is, the concept of it has always been the same. That concept is that anything can be achievable for anyone, as long as they put their effort into it. The Declaration of Independence states that every American possesses the equalRead MoreAmerica, The Land of Broken Dreams: The Controversial DREAM Act1063 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts of equality, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. These fundamental concepts have influenced amalgams of immigrants from across the world to travel to America in the hopes and search for a better life away from the hardships faced in their homeland. With the fusion of different cultures and ideas, immigrants have helped give birth to a powerful, unified global nation that inspires others to fight for their dreams an d aspirations. The immigration reform is one of those dreams that undocumentedRead MoreThe American Dream : The Definition Of The American Dream860 Words   |  4 PagesAs a general definition of The American Dream that is inclusive of all Americans, I would define it as the ability to both achieve and obtain life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To discover what The American Dream means to myself, and any individual, is to discover what it is that makes it all worth it. Why do families leave their homes behind with barely enough money to feed a family for a week just to discover a dream in America? What could possibly be worth generations of povertyRead MoreAmerican Dream in the Film, The Pursuit of Happyness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages The American dream is not fully represented in the same way as the ideas were initially raised. The ideas were primarily fabricated in the very beginning of our country. The propagandist role of any medium has changed just as much as the times have since the signing of the Declaration of Independence. In contemporary America, film is the leading component of the propagation and detraction of the American dream. The film The Pursuit of Happyness (2005) supports the idea of the American dreamRead MoreThe American Dream By Martin Luther King Jr.943 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is a theory that is controversial and has many different prospects for each individual. America is the land of the free. It comes with many struggles that are faced by the people who choose to settle here. From the very beginning, the settlers who came to escape from Great Britain and start a new life started the standard life in America. The treatment of African Americans was one example of how the American Dream can be taken away from a group of people, but it also shows howRead MoreThe American Dream Is Sublime Motivation1426 Words   |  6 Pagesanything to live the American Dream .People will journey far and wide, traverse the entire continent, suffer all manner of pain and suffering, if they believe that, in the end, they will be rewarded, and there is nothing quite like survival to motivate people. The ancient tale of â€Å"The American Dream† has been pursued by many, but only few make it all the way. The novel The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the two poems, â€Å"Dream Deferred†, by Langston Hughes, and â€Å"American Dream of Reality†, byRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence, By Thomas Jefferson, And Martin Luther King Jr.1138 Words   |  5 PagesJefferson, and Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech both address the problem of not being free. Even though Thomas and Luther were alive 150 years apart and had very different lives, they both faced the same issue of human equality that drove them to write some of the most influential works in American history. Although they bear some superficial similarities, the difference between t he Declaration of Independence and â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech are pronounced. Thomas Jefferson, and a groupRead MoreWhat Is The American Dream?1094 Words   |  5 PagesMost Americans are unsatisfied with their lives. So many people live their lives discontented with where they are in life. They are discontented with their status in society, the money they make, goals they have yet to achieve, their profession, how they didn’t complete their schooling, and the list unfortunately goes on. We as Americans have a large advantage in comparison to most societies within the world, we have the freedom to live the American dream. What is the American dream? The Declaration

Similarities Between Pavlov, John B. Skinner And Classical...

Some of the most prominent behavioral psychologists were Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. These men played a huge part in exploring the process of learning. While Watson and Pavlov focused on classical conditioning, Skinner worked with operant condition, and Bandura experimented with observational learning. All in all, these psychologist discovered many things about the process of learning, many of which I can apply to my own life experiences. Ivan Pavlov spent most of his time studying classical conditioning, a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. Pavlov first became interested in this field accidentally when he noticed dogs salivating not just at the†¦show more content†¦After more repetition, he was afraid of similar objects, like dogs, but nothing else. With the help of Little Albert and classical conditioning, Watson had shown fears could be conditioned. If you can condition fear, many won der, how many other emotions can be conditioned? (Dewall Meyers, 2016; Feist Rosenberg, 2012). B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who also helped develop the field of operant conditioning, a process where behavior is associated with its consequences. He was able to show how this could explain our behaviors. One of the things he is most well known for is created the Skinner Box. The Skinner box was where he could test animals by feeding them while the box monitored how often the animal responded. Skinner stressed the idea of using reinforcement, the process by which consequences lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again. The animal would emit the desired behavior, such as a rat pressing a bar, and food would appear. After a while, the rat learned that every time it pressed the bar it would be rewarded with a treat, making it press the bar more often. In this case, the food served as a reinforcer. Skinner argued that these operant principles are used to shape most aspects of our behavior instead of internal thoughts and that external consequences shape us as individuals too (Dewall Meyers, 2016; Kosslyn Rosenberg, 2005). Albert Bandura did most of his work with observationalShow MoreRelatedClassical And Instrumental Conditioning And Classical Conditioning Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to analyse classical and instrumental conditioning, it is required to first define the content from which they are derived from, that is learning. According to Domjan, learning  is  a long lasting change in the process of behaviour involving particular stimuli with or alternately responses that result from previous experiences with those or almost the same stimuli and responses (2009). There are several learning paradigms which take the behaviourist approach, but as previously mentioned thisRead MoreThe Theoretical Frameworks Within Social Psychology Essay2118 Words   |  9 Pagessplit into two main fields: Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson) and Operant conditioning (Thorndike, Skinner) Classical conditioning can be defined as â€Å"reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.† (McLeod, 2013) This means taking a neutral stimulus and pairing it with an unconditional stimulus that provides the unconditioned response. Operant conditioning is not concerned with automaticRead MorePerspectives On Psychology And Evaluate Their Key Assumptions1547 Words   |  7 Pageswith an evaluation of their applications to contemporary issues in psychology. Finally there will be an analysis of the similarities and differences between each perspective and a conclusion. The behaviourist perspective is a scientific approach within psychology which claims that we are blank slates at birth and all human behaviour is learnt.Behaviourism was developed by John Watson in America in the early 1900s, (Cullis, T1999). Behaviourists focus on external conditions, learning and experienceRead MoreCompare Contrast Two Approaches to Psychology1527 Words   |  7 Pagesareas of a person or animals day to day life. Psychology tends to steer towards finding reasons for a person or animals actions in an attempt to resolve them. There are many different sub - fields of psychology, however it is possible to draw similarities and differences to all aspects of these fields. The main fields deal with the different approaches used by various psychologists throughout history. Whilst there are no 100% correct theories in Psychology to help to understand a person, we do needRead MoreBehaviorism Vs. Pavlov And Edward Thorndike Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pagessince the founding by John B. Watson. Behaviorism stresses the environmental role on behavior and is also referred to as the learning theory (McLeod, 2007). Two major contributors to Behaviorism are Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. These two very important psychologists had quite different views when it came to conditioning, but are surprisingly similar in some aspects as well. Having lived during the same time, Thorndike and Pavlov were aware of one another’s work and while Pavlov is credited as theRead MoreFactors That Influence Professional Practice Wh en Working With Children And Young People2100 Words   |  9 Pagesby John B. Watson (1978-1958) based on the idea that behaviours can me altered regardless of any genetic background, thoughts and traits. Behaviourists believe that we are born with a clean state (Tabula Rasa); we learn through observing other people’s behaviour and acquire them through a method of learning known as ‘conditioning’ (Pritchard, 2005). There are a number of theorists and psychologists who have influenced behaviourism greatly, this includes, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)Read MoreBehavioral Models Of Personality Is An Important Part Of Our Personality2057 Words   |  9 Pagescontributors of Behaviorism; as well as strengths and weaknesses of Behaviorism. To begin, take a look at two of the main approaches within Behaviorism; Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning, according to Magnavita (2012) as â€Å"the fundamental principles underlying the neurobiology of learning. An example of classical conditioning would be within the following scenario. Jason has a bully named Alex that picks on him at school, who happens to wear a particular brand of cologneRead More‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic.’2499 Words   |  10 Pageseffective than the other, and some therapies have been modified of enhanced to better treat a patient. Behavioural psychology, also known as behaviourism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviourism, behaviour can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental processes. As human beings we are driven to understand whoRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and the strength and weaknesses of behaviorism. Finally, the paper will provide examples of the influence and application of the behavioral perspective in early childhood. In the conclusion of this paper, we assert that behaviorism is the most pragmatic and functional of the modern psychological ideologies and described both development and learning. The three theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner summarizes the beh aviorist theoryRead MoreChrysalis Module 4 252607 Words   |  11 Pageswhilst others share some similarities. Edward Thorndike proposed the ‘Law of Effect’ whereby behavioural responses which were closely followed by pleasant consequences, would ensure that the same behaviour would be highly likely to recur. It also stated that the more a stimuli is connected with a response, the stronger the link between the two. If however, responses were followed by adverse consequences then associated to this situation were considered to be weaker. Skinner used Thorndike’s law of

Compare and contrast the developmental life span theories

Urie Bronfenbrenner perspective on lifespan development was the bio-ecological approach which suggest that five levels if the environment simultaneously influence indviduals. He tagged different aspects or levels of environment that influences a child’s development. Urie Bronfenbrenner five major systems are called microsystem; which is everyday immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives. Second is the mesosystem; which provides connections between the various aspects of the microsystem. Third is the exosystem; It represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, churches, and the local media. Fourth is the macrosystem; and it represents the larger†¦show more content†¦James Marcia developed what he called the identity status. Marcia used the term identity status to label and describe four unique developmental identity stations or points. Each identity status represents a particular configuration of youth s progress with regard to identity exploration and commitment to the values, beliefs, and goals that contribute to identity. The identity status consisted of four systems, theShow MoreRelatedAssimilation And Schemas1387 Words   |  6 Pagesstage of her model is the â€Å"New Status Quo† Enables individuals to feel safe so they can practice. Developmental Transitions. What does the Satir video add to your understanding about developmental transitions in Freud and Erikson’s models? Satir believed all individuals have the limit with regards to development and change and additionally the capacity to proceed with their education throughout life. In developing her strategy, she concentrated on finding the internal identity and stimulating changeRead MoreEssay about Compare and Contrast Two Theories of Gender Role Development1379 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast two theories of gender role development A dominant debate in current psychological research is one on gender development. Psychologists try to understand relative importance of social and cognitive factors. Various theories are brought up in this field and in this essay two of the most standard theory in this field are going to be explained. The theories covered in this essay relate to aspects of children’s thinking that are central to their gender development. This will includeRead MoreReflection On Classical Theory1963 Words   |  8 Pages Classic Theories Reflection Shawn Strebel Northcentral University Assimilation, Accommodation, and Schemas Piaget’s theories about assimilation and accommodation said that assimilation is related to the existing structures in the mind and incorporates the abstract properties of our actions on different objects around us (Beilin, 1994). Whereas in accommodation the mind modifies existing structures to the varying properties of objects around us (Beilin, 1994). Now ifRead MoreCompare and contrast Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s theories of cognitive development in children1274 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children. This essay will compare Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children. Also, show the differences between the two psychologist’s theories. Thus, by showing their similarities like in language and adaptation theories. Further, differences like Piaget’s theory on cognitive developmental stages and the schemas which are build to learn or accommodate new words or things. Vygostky’sRead MoreCustomized learning Theory: Annotated Bibliography1681 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Student name Course Professor Date due Customized learning Theory: Annotated Bibliography The fact that people have different learning capacities and that people can absorb content differently is fueling the rise and acceptance of customized learning. Is customized learning the way to go in ensuring that every student needs are met? Many still are proponents of the traditional method of instruction citing the massive resources required for adoption and full implementation of customized learningRead MorePsychology2912 Words   |  12 Pagesapproach to psychoanalytic theory in this lesson. You will examine and compare developmental stages side by side and have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a quiz at the end. Example for Comparison Mary has a 3-month-old daughter. Mary bottle feeds her child and follows a strict schedule for feeding times. The child is not allowed to have a pacifier. Mary is an affectionate parent, and all of her childs needs are met. How could the actions that occur in the childs life now affect her laterRead MoreDiscussing Your Present Leisure Interests1472 Words   |  6 Pagesstarted knitting at the age of 26. However I cherish the time I spend with my 5 year old niece. I usually keep her once a week, more often when our school schedules allow it. The reading and knitting are expected to stay fairly stable throughout my life with the exceptions of my body aging. It may come to a point that I have trouble seeing as I age (as early as 40 visual changes can occur), farsightedness increases with age while nearsightedness decreases (Berger, 2010). This would make knitting andRead MoreDevelopment of Childrens Reasoning1958 Words   |  8 Pagesable to represent the world, form concepts and cate gories, then they are well able to reason about and solve problems. The two psychologists, Piaget and Siegler, were interested in identifying and describing the ages of children when the developmental change in reasoning and problem solving occurs. Piaget was particularly interested in how the minds of adults differ from minds of young children. On the other hand, Siegler is information-processing psychologist, interested in how children solveRead MoreEssay Compare and Contrast Viaget and Vygotsky2238 Words   |  9 Pagesactivity, such as attention, memory and problem solving. In this essay on cognitive development I will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky, who were both influential in forming a more scientific approach to analysing the cognitive development process of the child active construction of knowledge. (Flanagan 1996 P.72). I will then go onto evaluate the usefulness of these theories in understanding a childs development. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that childrens cognitiveRead MoreSibling Relationships Within The United States2226 Words   |  9 Pagespair) that share at least one parent in common; according to this definition, adopted siblings, half siblings and biological sibling are included. Sibling relationships provide a unique perspective in developmental research such that they are the longest enduring relationship a person may have over the life course (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, Collins, 2005). Siblings influence development in a variety of ways by providing teaching and caregiving opportunities that result in greater cognitive, language

Swot Analysis Of Runxin Mart - 1384 Words

4.3.1 Competitors Overview Most competitors are located in the city centre, which have similar or larger size but are at least 3 km away and target at different customers groups (See Figure 4.3.1). They are more attracted for local people and those who have high incomes with high living standard, but Runxin Mart is targeting only on people living around the supermarket, who are mainly from other cities and running private-owned businesses in this small city. Because of features of those customers, Runxin Mart tries to keep their products prices as low as possible to remain competitive. Moreover, it does not only cooperate with those standard brands such as PG, Karft and Unilever, but also some small brands which can help lower the price†¦show more content†¦4) Market – Except five supermarkets, there is a market selling fruit, vegetables and meat just located at opposite side of Runxin Mart. It makes challenges to fresh food only. In order to compete with it, Runxin improves the quality of fre sh food but charges similar price. Although price is a very important factor, people nowadays are seeking for higher living standard at low costs. In addition, Ruixin offers better shopping experience. Customers feel more secured to shop in a supermarket rather than a market as food quality can be better controlled and after-sales service will also be better. 4.3.3 SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Self-purchase for some products – Compared with competitors whose products are mainly from distributors, Runxin Mart also explore the way of self-purchasing from the whole market where sometimes low prices are available for some products. It helps Runxin achieve economic of scales so as to save prime costs as lower purchasing price brings about higher profit even Runxin charges the same price as its competitors. 2. Self-brand expansion – Self-brand products are normally more profitable than those well-known brands. For instance, a package of well-known brand tissue can only contribute with approximately 16% profit while a package of self-brand tissue can contribute more than 40% profit to the company. Runxin has realized the large profit from it and currently is expanding its self-brand products into more categories. 3. Larger

Locke on the Social Contract Theory Free Essays

Social Contract Theory is a philosophy, which states that political and moral obligations of a person are rendered to him, upon an agreement between the ruler and the society. This agreement governs both the ruler and the ruled society to act in accordance with one another. John Locke, along with Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau, is one of the best known proponents of this theory, which emerged as one of the most influential political theories in the history of the Modern West. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke on the Social Contract Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social Contract Theory was an answer to reject the Divine Right Theory, which was used by kings and queens as their basis for their right to rule. Locke’s most important and influential writings are in his book, Two Treatises on Government. The first treatise in his writing is geared towards the rejection of Divine Right theory; and the second treatise states Locke’s own views on the justification for the civil government, which he entitled An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government. John Locke’s Social Contract Theory held a positive view about human nature. He argued that humans have a gift of reason, and man’s natural condition is a state of perfect and complete liberty wherein, humans live their lives at its best without interference from other people. People are assumed to be in equal footing with one another and are bound by the Law of Nature. This Law of Nature however is according to Locke’s view is the basis of all morality, and thus must not extend to harm other people’s rights with regards to their life, health, liberty or possessions (Locke 2003). Further more, as his concept of State of Nature lacks civil power amongst men and an appeal to the Law of Nature allowing people to defend themselves. Because of this lack of authority, a war is likely to break out, thus prompting the reason to abandon the State of Nature and recognize a contract that shall in turn form a government. This, as a result to man’s having the ability to think rationally, humans submit themselves to a higher authority for the protection of their rights. However, in Locke’s Social Contract Theory, a rational individual will only agree to a government, with minimal and limited control, and a government that is controlled by the citizens. Because for Locke, the government can be easily lured to become restrictive, corrupt and abusive of powers, thus prompting the individuals to always retain some power over the government for the sake of freedom and equality. This issue concerning freedom has always been central to Locke’s market government. Government must always employ the right blend of freedom and restrictions with it. For the people, their property and lives are their rational interests; and their concept to form a government is geared towards the protection of these interests. Therefore, the people, although putting the security of their rights in the government, are still fearful of the government’s potential power (The Social Contract). Thus, according to Locke, should the government cease to become responsive to its citizens, the government should be overthrown. They still hold the right to revolt against their ruler if they realize that their ruler is no longer able to cater to their needs and has been abusive and oppressive to the rights of man. Locke also supported the idea of laissez-faire, wherein there will be limited government intervention for the market to be able to generate a prosperous civil society based on individual’s rational competition. Locke’s version of the theory has played a great role in the development of the Western politics, particularly in America. His social contract plus laissez faire, has also became the basis for market institutions. Locke’s theory has been influential to the current criminal justice system, with property playing an essential role in the society’s government and contract that establishes it. With the State of Nature being itself chaotic when no one is bound to control the state of liberty for men, hence bringing about the State of War, and eventually creating the need to establish a contract between the ruler and the ruled society to enable people to rightfully defend their life and liberty. Thus, the need to protect their properties has prompted the people to abandon the State of Nature and form the social contract between the civil society and the government. Given the great influence that John Locke has posed through his political theories, his philosophies have continued to live until the present time, especially in American politics. The criminal justice system and world politics in general have exhibited strong influential heritage from Locke’s philosophies; in particular pertaining to the way the government must handle its affairs, so as to please the civil society who placed them in power. The Democratic form of government and criminal system, wherein the civil society is always left with a choice to whom must be put into power is an example of a social contract. And in turn, the overthrow or government leaders who did not much perform for the benefit of the people is an illustration of Locke’s theory. Reference Locke, John. (2003) Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. Yale University Press. The Social Contract. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/2769_Swri01.pdf    How to cite Locke on the Social Contract Theory, Essay examples

Principles of Corporations Law

Questions: 1.What common law duty and statutory duty if any has Julian breached?2.What common law or statutory duty, have Sol and Daniel breached?3. If the directors have breached their duties do any of them have a defence and if not what are the consequences for them? Answers: 1. It appears that in this case, there is certain duties imposed by the common law and also some duties prescribed by the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) that have been breached by Julian while she was acting as the director of the company. The beach of duties by Julian can be assumed due to the reason that Julian did not disclose to the directors of Property Developments Ltd. that Gerald was her uncle. Moreover she also helped her brother, Raphael to get the contract from her company. For this purpose, Julian tells Raphael what the other architectural firms are going to charge. With this information, Raphael is in a position to offer the lowest price to Property Developments Ltd. which was accepted by the company. On the other hand, the law provides that the directors of corporations have to follow certain duties (Ford and Austin, 1995). These duties include the statutory duties that are being provided by the Corporations Act as well as the common-law duties of the directors of corpora tions. In the present case, the relevant duty prescribed by the common law is the duty of the directors according to which they should act bona fide. Hence in view of this duty, it is very important that as compared to their personal interests, the directors give a preference to the interests of the company (Austin and Ramsay, 2013). At the same time, Julian had also breached her statutory duty that has been mentioned in section 181 of the act. In this section, it has been provided that the directors should act in good faith when they are exercising the powers and when they are fulfilling the duties towards the company. This duty also requires that it is the obligation of the directors that they should act for a proper purpose. It will be considered by the law that the directors have reached the duty mentioned in section 181 if the directors use their powers for an improper purpose. This duty will be considered to have been breached by the directors even if they believe that they ar e acting honestly. In view of this position, even if a loss has not been suffered by the company, still Julian can be considered to have breached their statutory duty. Another relevant statutory duty that appears to have been breached in this case is the duty prescribed by section 182. According to this duty, the directors did not use their position improperly. The improper use of the position may take place if the director has used their position for achieving a personal advantage or an advantage for some other person or to cause a detriment to their corporation. This duty was breached when Julian helped Raphael in securing the contract from her company. 2. Sol and Daniel are the other two directors of Property Developments Ltd. in this case, it can be said that these two directors are also liable for the beach of their statutory duties as well as the duties prescribed by the common law. These two directors are responsible for violating the common-law duty which requires that the directors of corporations should act with care and diligence while acting on behalf of the company. Another very significant duty that appears to have been breached in the present case is the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading (Ford, 1978). This duty has been imposed on the directors by section 588G, Corporations Act. In the present case, it appears that this duty has been breached by Sol and Daniel when during the board meeting of the company; they do not worry how the company will be going to finance the purchase and do not ask questions regarding the financial statements of the company. This duty is not discharged if the directors have del egated this responsibility to someone else. Therefore in the present case, Sol and Daniel cannot hide behind the fact that they had delegated this task to the accountants of the company. 3. The issue that arises in this question is if any difference is available to the directors of Property Developments against allegations of breach of duty. For this purpose, it has to be considered if the defense against the allegations of breach of duty is available to the present directors. Another issue that has to be considered in this question is if no defense is available to the directors and they are held liable for the breach of their duties what are the penalties that can be imposed on the directors. The defense against the breach of duty by the directors has been provided by the business judgment rule. This rule was provided by the common law and later on, it was also incorporated in the Corporations Act. This rule is mentioned in section 180(2) of the Act. According to this provision, a defense has been provided to the directors regarding the business judgment made by them (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). For this purpose it is required that the business judgment should have been made by the directors in good faith. It is also required that the directors should have made the judgment for proper purpose and they should not have any personal interest in the business judgment (Paterson and Ednie, 1976). It is also required under this rule that before making the business judgment, the directors should have properly acquainted themselves with the subject matter. It is also necessary that the directors should be able to rationally believe that the business judgment being made by them is in the best interests of their corporation. In the present case, these requirements are not fulfilled because Sol and Daniel have not properly informed themselves regarding the decision that was made by them at the board meeting. Similarly, they fail to understand the financial statements placed before them even if they had a basic understanding of finance. Consequently the civil as well as the criminal penalties that have been provided in the Corporations Act can be imposed on these directors. These include a fine up to $200,000 and similarly, imprisonment for a term of up to five years. References Austin R.P., and Ramsay, I.M., 2013, Fords Principles of Corporations Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 15th ed.) 432 Farrar J.H. and Hannigan, B 1998 Farrars Company Law (Butterworths, 4th ed,) 382 Ford H.A.J. and Austin, R.P., 1995, Ford and Austins Principles of Corporations Law, Butterworths, 7th ed. 262 Ford, H.A.J., 1978 Principles of Company Law (Butterworths, 2nd ed,) 345 Paterson W.E. and Ednie, H.H., 1976 vol 2, 2nd ed. Australian Company Law, Butterworths,